作者：华言
编辑：李聪玲 责任编辑：鲁慧文 翻译：鲁慧文
任志强说：发表《共产党宣言》时，马克思30岁，恩格斯27岁。两个小伙子，没见过飞机，也没听说过相对论，更没有手机和互联网，纯属凭空虚构的乌托邦，而在中国，却捧为圣条，写入宪法，学校从小学到大学都是必修课！两个年轻人闭门造车出来的乌托邦成了中国的国教，这不是愚昧无知吗？
在马克思那里，科学社会主义=共产主义，不区分社会主义和共产主义，两者指的是同一涵义；但在实践中，共产主义的完美性不可能实现，不能用现实的混乱来标榜共产主义在人间损害共产主义的伟大。理论家们为了捍卫共产主义的神圣，将社会主义从共产主义中独立出来，形成了资本主义社会、社会主义社会、共产主义社会三个阶段。马克思主义者认为，社会主义是资本主义走向共产主义的一个必经阶段。社会主义是实现共产主义的革命和建设阶段，具有相对独立性。从理论上看，社会主义兼具资本主义社会和共产主义社会的混合性。
一、什么是社会主义
社会主义是一种政治、社会、经济哲学和思潮，社会主义在批判近代资本主义之缺陷基础上产生。社会主义可以简单的分为两个类型：一是革命版的，科学社会主义，即马列-斯大林主义，宣扬阶级优越论，政治上采用暴力革命夺权，发动无产阶级（工人阶级）、农民阶级武装暴动取得了国家政权。经济形态，都采用公有制经济和计划经济体制。二是温和版的，民主社会主义（或称社会民主主义）。民主社会主义是指民主宪政之下的社会主义经济，对资本主义的社会化改良，提倡和平改良社会，反对暴力，提倡混合经济，不反对私有制。民主社会主义认为，没有自由就没有社会主义，社会主义只有通过民主才能实行，政治上提倡不同思想的党派共存。
科学社会主义的基础是历史唯物论。历史唯物论认为生产关系和生产力是决定历史发展的关键。每一历史阶段，都会因生产力发展而产生相应的生产关系。但随着生产力持续发展，既有的生产关系将难以适应，并阻碍生产力进步，于是两者出现冲突，导致社会革命，最后促成新的更高阶的生产关系。欧洲、美国高度发达的资本主义本来最应该产生社会主义革命，但是却未发生社会主义革命，马克思主义诞生以来一百多年的欧美资本主义发展史证明了社会主义的破产。
二、为什么要反对社会主义
杜光说：“历数近百年来出现的社会主义国家，没有一个不是把专制主义当作社会主义的”。
社会主义的失败是由于这一理论体系本身所带来的难以克服的弱点。社会主义之所以失败，不是因为社会主义好而只是做错了，而是因为社会主义本身就是错误的，它只是一场很糟的空想。中共的改革开放是共产党人对资本主义作出巨大让步，才得以把政权撑持下来。要强迫人们把他们私有的东西交出来，并且要他们放弃个人利益来服从国家的需要，这就要求公务机关须享有无限的权力。无限的权力必然导致无限的腐败与堕落。计划经济要求命令-执行的体系来运转，必然是不平等的，导致人人平等的梦想消失了。国家把包括经济在内的国民生活各部门都拿了过来，它需要有一套庞大的官僚机构来管理这些事。把那些生产资料收归国有，就是要把那些生产资料的管理权交到那些官僚手里去。而那些官僚，既没有能力也没有什么物质刺激足以使他们能有效地去经营那些生产资料，必不可免的结果就是生产不断下降。
概括而言：一是经济上，共产党没收私有财产，导致短缺经济，实行社会主义的地方都是缺衣少食的。二是政治上，共产党搞一党专政、无产阶级专政，本质上是现代版的专制皇帝，党天下。压制言论自由、思想自由、经济自由、宗教自由、通信自由、个人私隐保密的自由、免于匮乏的自由、免于恐惧的自由等，屏蔽并惩罚反对共产党的言论，不惜一切手段的伪造历史，避免让国民知道共产党的错误行径，营造伟大光荣正确的神话。
国家的一切资源都由“共产党官僚”掌控，共产主义革命是以取消阶级为号召开始，最后造成一个握有空前绝对权威的新阶级。在社会主义革命胜利之后 , 无产阶级将会在新的国家里上升为统治阶层。
新阶级是一个掌握权力的集团。新阶级来源于官员队伍 , 因为只有他们才有可能利用权力谋取特权 , 才有享受不该享受的权利的条件。新阶级内存在严格的上下等级之分。因为“新阶级 ”主要由党政干部组成，不同等级的官员享有不同的特权 , 越是高级的官员享受的特权越多。他们对上级唯命是从、明哲保身、高高在上、不问群众疾苦。他们是一批地地道道的官僚。新阶级在意识上推行垄断，不允许有别于自己的思想出现。人民内部的所有思想都被政府压制 , 自由和民主的风气已经全部丧失。
马克思主义作为社会主义国家的“信仰 ”，本身就是一种具有专制性质的思想。他们为了保证自己正统思想的地位 , 排斥各种与自己的理论不相容的科学理论。 共产党不可避免地把专制主义带到了社会主义国家政权建设中。
社会主义理念不仅是政治错误，更是道德错误。反社会主义不是政治问题，是良心问题，是光明生活与黑暗生活的选择问题。
三、不人道的社会主义
社会主义理论说，社会主义将在全世界兴起，资本主义将在全世界灭亡。1991年的苏联东欧剧变，是人类历史发展的一个重大转折，标志着高举“科学社会主义”旗帜的国际共产主义运动的彻底失败。以“科学社会主义”为指导纲领的国际共产主义运动的失败，是一种全局的、不可逆转的、永劫不复的失败。
生产资料公有制＋计划经济＋无产阶级专政这三大体制为基本架构的社会主义制度的失败是历史的必然。共产党阶级斗争、无产阶级专政的基本思想，狂热地沉溺于暴力革命夺取政权，沉溺于无产阶级专政，沉溺于以暴虐的阶级斗争，推行同人类传统文明彻底决裂的路线、方针、政策，实施对社会生产资料和自然资源高度集中的独占垄断，实施对人类社会生活全面、彻底、集中的一体化控制的计划经济，把人类推向了灾难的深渊。首先，是残暴剥夺地主富农特别是全体农民的土地和全体资本主义工商业者、全体个体手工业者的生产资料。其次，将整个国家的自然资源，包括山脉、河流、矿山、森林等国有化，并对其进行掠夺性地开发，以致造成严重的环境污染和环境破坏。再次，对国人，特别是对农民实行残酷盘剥。对工人、知识分子、公务人员实行数十年一贯制的超低工资制，还对他们实行食品和生活必需品最低限度的定量凭证供应制度，迫使他们勒紧裤带，缩衣节食，为国家节省每一粒粮食、每一分钱，用来生产。
在专制独裁体制下，整个社会按照一个人的意志、按照共产党设计的目标完全一致地、“一体化”地行动。共产党的头脑发起热来，紧跟着的全国亿万生灵也就都要跟着发疯了。其后果，真是罄竹难书。
四、法西斯主义与社会主义—双胞胎
法西斯主义与社会主义在政治上都强调“一个主义、一个政党、一个领袖”，经济上都强调经济控制，占领经济至高权；文化上都强调科学的、先进的文化，至于是什么不重要，他们决定了的就是科学的文化、先进的文化。
他们共同宣扬的是同一思想，都主张对社会实施大规模的有计划的控制，都把自己说成是真理的代言人，都让社会、人民服从于统治者的意识形态。建立意识形态，都对媒体实行全面集中的检查，都建立军事化的先锋党，都把国家建立在恐怖、暴力镇压的基础上，都用秘密警察、司法公审来完善国家机器。第一个共同特点是割裂人类社会，并且在不同的人群之间挑拨离间，制造仇恨。认为自己最高尚，都把自己作为宇宙真理的化身，对暴力和流血手段的无比尊崇，赤裸裸地宣扬暴力和恐怖行为。第二个共同特点是热衷于控制社会、镇压异己、剥夺人民的自由，都严厉控制舆论工具，镇压言论自由。因为他们是靠谎言和暴力夺取政权巩固政权的，他们害怕人民利用言论自由来揭穿他们的谎言，反抗他们的暴力；他们是黑暗中的动物，手中没有真理，而言论自由正是剥除他们伪装，还其本来面目的灿烂阳光。第三个共同特点是他们都反对自由经济而主张用国家机器来垄断经济命脉。第四个共同特点是他们为扩张势力范围而乐于输出革命甚至侵略别国。他们对内镇压、对外扩张，他们是现代专制主义的产物，是同胞兄弟。所不同的特征是细微的：社会主义模式以阶级划分为基础；纳粹主义以种族划分为基础，纳粹主义是种族极权主义。
法西斯主义已经被扫进历史的垃圾堆；社会主义还在中国横冲直撞。同样的基因，不同的名字、不同的历史命运。
Why Socialism Is Harmful (Part I)
Summary:
Socialism, centered on planned economy and dictatorship, leads to poverty and tyranny, and creates a corrupt bureaucratic “new class.” Its ideas are fundamentally flawed, both a political disaster and a moral catastrophe. Sharing roots with fascism, socialism is destined to be discarded by history.
Author: Hua Yan
Editor: Li Congling Executive Editor: Lu Huiwen Translator: Lu Huiwen
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Ren Zhiqiang once remarked: When the Communist Manifesto was published, Marx was 30 and Engels was 27. Two young men, who had never seen an airplane, never heard of relativity, and certainly never encountered cell phones or the internet, produced a purely imaginary utopia. Yet in China it was exalted as sacred doctrine, written into the Constitution, and taught as compulsory curriculum from elementary school to university! That two youngsters’ armchair utopia became China’s state religion—what greater ignorance could there be?
For Marx, “scientific socialism” was identical with communism; he made no distinction. But in practice, the perfection of communism is impossible, and its failure in reality cannot be used to claim that communism’s greatness was tarnished by flawed implementation. To protect the sanctity of communism, theorists carved socialism out as a distinct stage—creating a three-step model: capitalist society, socialist society, communist society. Marxists argued that socialism was the necessary transition toward communism. Socialism was thus treated as the revolutionary and constructive phase, theoretically possessing characteristics of both capitalism and communism.
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I. What Is Socialism?
Socialism is a political, social, and economic philosophy, born as a critique of capitalism’s flaws. Broadly, socialism divides into two types:
1. Revolutionary version — “scientific socialism.” The Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist form, grounded in class supremacy, advocating violent revolution to seize state power by mobilizing workers and peasants. Economically, it enforces public ownership and planned economy.
2. Moderate version — “democratic socialism” (or social democracy). Practiced under constitutional democracy, this version advocates peaceful reform of capitalism, favors a mixed economy, accepts private ownership, and insists “no socialism without freedom.” It supports pluralism in politics, with coexistence of multiple parties and ideas.
The foundation of scientific socialism is historical materialism, which claims productive forces and relations of production drive history. Yet despite Marx’s prediction, socialist revolutions did not erupt in advanced capitalist countries. The more than 100 years of capitalist development in Europe and America after Marx’s time demonstrate socialism’s bankruptcy.
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II. Why Oppose Socialism?
Du Guang once said: Looking back at nearly a century of socialist states, not one failed to embrace despotism in the name of socialism.
Socialism failed because its very theoretical framework is flawed. It is not that socialism was “good but misapplied”; socialism itself is wrong—an ill-conceived fantasy. The CCP’s “reform and opening” was a massive concession to capitalism, the only way its rule could survive.
To force people to surrender private property and abandon self-interest in obedience to the state requires government agencies with unlimited power. Unlimited power inevitably breeds unlimited corruption. Planned economy requires command-and-execution structures, inherently unequal, making the dream of equality vanish. When the state assumes control over all sectors of life, it requires a massive bureaucracy. Handing over the management of nationalized production to bureaucrats who lack both competence and incentives inevitably leads to declining production.
Summarizing:
• Economically: Confiscation of private property caused chronic shortages. Wherever socialism was imposed, people went cold and hungry.
Politically: The Communist Party established one-party dictatorship—a modern version of imperial despotism—suppressing freedom of speech, thought, religion, privacy, and liberty itself. Dissent was punished, history falsified, errors covered up, while propaganda spun the myth of greatness and infallibility.
All national resources came under the monopoly of Communist bureaucrats. A revolution launched in the name of abolishing classes ended up creating an unprecedented, all-powerful “new class.”
This new class consisted of officials, enjoying privileges denied to the people, stratified by rank, and entrenched in power. They obeyed superiors slavishly, insulated themselves from the public, and turned into a thoroughly bureaucratic caste. They monopolized ideology, suppressing all dissent. Freedom and democracy disappeared.
Marxism, as the “faith” of socialist states, is itself authoritarian. To maintain ideological orthodoxy, it excluded all rival theories. In practice, socialism inevitably dragged authoritarianism into the foundations of state power.
Thus socialism is not only a political error but also a moral error. To oppose it is not merely a political matter, but a matter of conscience—a choice between light and darkness.
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III. The Inhumanity of Socialism
Socialist theory claimed socialism would rise worldwide and capitalism would perish globally. Yet the collapse of the USSR and Eastern Europe in 1991 marked a turning point: the final and irreversible failure of international communism under the banner of “scientific socialism.”
The socialist system—public ownership of the means of production, planned economy, and dictatorship of the proletariat—was doomed to fail. Obsessed with violent revolution, class struggle, and total state control, socialism severed ties with human civilization, monopolized natural and social resources, and drove society into disaster.
• It confiscated land from farmers and property from capitalists, stripping them bare.
• It nationalized natural resources—mountains, rivers, mines, forests—and exploited them rapaciously, causing environmental ruin.
• It imposed extreme expropriation on the people: decades of artificially low wages, rationing of food and essentials, forcing the public to tighten belts so the state could hoard grain and money for production.
Under a dictatorship, the whole of society acted in unison to the will of one man. When the Party’s brain fever rose, hundreds of millions were compelled to go mad together. The consequences are unspeakable.
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IV. Socialism and Fascism — Twin Brothers
Socialism and fascism share common DNA.
• Politically: Both emphasize “one ideology, one party, one leader.”
• Economically: Both demand state control of the economy, seizing command of resources.
• Culturally: Both claim to embody “scientific, advanced culture,” defining truth at will.
They enforce large-scale social control, claim to be the sole truth, demand submission to ideology, censor the media, build militarized vanguard parties, base their rule on terror, violence, secret police, and show trials.
Common features:
1. Divide and incite hatred. They split society, set groups against each other, and glorify violence.
2. Suppress dissent and freedom. They tightly control speech, crush opposition, and rely on lies and terror to maintain power.
3. Oppose free economy. They monopolize lifelines of the economy with the state machine.
4. Expansionist aggression. They export revolution or invade abroad, while crushing their own people at home.
The only difference is one of classification: socialism organizes by class, fascism by race. Fascism is racial totalitarianism; socialism is class totalitarianism.
Fascism has been swept into the dustbin of history. Socialism still rampages in China. Same genes, different names, different fates.
