作者：武书剑
18世纪，英国爆发了工业革命，与之相应的，社会很多方面都出现了变革，政府也需要进行大量建设，因此就需要对相关产品和服务进行采购。为了节约开支，就需要对政府在公共工程中的采购行为进行监管，这就要保持采购行为的公平透明，于是，”招标”就在这种大背景下诞生了。1782年，英国开始用招标方式开展工程建设等项目。到了18 世纪末，英国已经比较广泛地通过招标方式来做工程建设。并通过了《公共工程法案》之类的法规，从而确立了“招标制度”。与英国相比，美国、德国等其他国家的招标制度要晚了将近半个世纪！因此，英国，是公认的招标投标制度起源国，被看作是“招标”制度的祖师爷。招标制度从诞生的第一天，就是作为一种“公共采购”或”集中采购”的手段出现的，专门用来规范政府花钱办事。随着文明的传播，这套做法逐渐传到全世界，成了现在商业竞争里的核心机制。
1980年，伴随着改革开放与市场经济体制改革，我国也开始在工程建设等领域试点引入招标投标方式。2000年1月1日，《招标投标法》正式施行，标志着该制度正式成为资源配置的法定机制。和英国相比，我们晚了两百多年。
然而，作为后起之秀，我们的“招标”有着自己的特色。
从后发优势的角度看：我们用只有了二十年的时间，就走完了英国二百多年的发展历程。
从制度自信的角度看：英国是“招标”，我国是“全过程”招标。
从道路自信的角度看：招标，不是西方国家的“专利”，而是所有企业的“权利”。
从理论自信的角度看：中国式招标，体现了中国国情、中国特色，是中国对世界的独创性理论贡献。
中式招标，是西方先进理论和中国具体实践相结合的产物，是招标制度进行中国本土化改造后的重大创新成果。
那么，中国式招标，到底有哪些特点呢？概括起来有五大项：
其一、用流程的严谨性，掩盖结果的预设性； 其二、用程序的合规性，掩饰内定的合理性； 其三、用台上的公开性，掩护台下的隐蔽性； 其四、用竞争的激烈性，佐证报价的公平性； 其五、用博弈的复杂性，保证权力的稳定性！
再好的经，到了这儿，保证能给你念歪！
再干净的水，到了这儿，保证能给你搅浑！
“规矩是死的，人是活的。”这就是我们最大的文化自信！
在一个没有规则意识的地方，“讲规则”，就是一个笑话；
在一个没有程序正义的地方，“讲流程”，就是一个笑话； 在一个没有契约精神的地方，“讲契约”，就是一个笑话！ 在一个不讲规则、不讲流程、不讲契约的“三不讲”地方，引入招标机制，就是个笑话！
编辑：李晶
校对：王滨
翻译：戈冰
Three No-Gos of Chinese-Style Bidding
Author: Wu Shujian
Abstract: The bidding process across various industries in China is a microcosm of Chinese society. No rules, no processes, no contracts—only power.
In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution broke out in Britain. Correspondingly, transformations appeared in many aspects of society. The government also needed to undertake a massive amount of construction, and therefore required the procurement of relevant products and services. In order to cut expenditures, it was necessary to supervise the government’s procurement behavior in public works, which required keeping procurement behavior fair and transparent. Thus, “bidding” was born against this macro background. In 1782, Britain began using the bidding method to carry out projects such as engineering construction. By the end of the 18th century, Britain had already quite extensively utilized the bidding method to execute engineering construction, and passed regulations such as the Public Works Act, thereby establishing the “bidding system.” Compared with Britain, the bidding systems of other countries like the United States and Germany came nearly half a century later! Therefore, Britain is the universally recognized country of origin for the bidding and tendering system, regarded as the founding ancestor of the “bidding” system. From the very first day of its birth, the bidding system emerged as a means of “public procurement” or “centralized procurement,” specifically used to regulate how the government spends money and conducts business. With the spread of civilization, this set of practices gradually spread throughout the world, becoming the core mechanism in modern commercial competition.
In 1980, along with the reform and opening up and the reform of the market economic system, our country also began to pilot the introduction of bidding and tendering methods in fields such as engineering construction. On January 1, 2000, the “Bidding and Tendering Law” came into force officially, marking that this system officially became a statutory mechanism for resource allocation. Compared with Britain, we were more than two hundred years late.
However, as a latecomer, our “bidding” has its own characteristics.
From the perspective of the latecomer advantage: it took us only twenty years to complete the developmental course that took Britain more than two hundred years.
From the perspective of institutional confidence: Britain has “bidding,” while our country has “whole-process” bidding.
From the perspective of road confidence: bidding is not the “patent” of Western countries, but the “right” of all enterprises.
From the perspective of theoretical confidence: Chinese-style bidding reflects China’s national conditions and Chinese characteristics, and is China’s original theoretical contribution to the world.
Chinese-style bidding is the product of combining advanced Western theory with concrete Chinese practice, and is a major innovative achievement following the localized transformation of the bidding system in China.
So, what exactly are the characteristics of Chinese-style bidding? To summarize, there are five major items:
First, using the rigor of the process to conceal the predetermined nature of the outcome;
Second, using the compliance of the procedure to disguise the rationality of the insider selection;
Third, using the openness on the stage to cover up the concealment under the stage;
Fourth, using the intensity of the competition to corroborate the fairness of the quoted price;
Fifth, using the complexity of the game to guarantee the stability of power!
No matter how good the scripture is, once it arrives here, it is guaranteed to be chanted sideways for you!
No matter how clean the water is, once it arrives here, it is guaranteed to be muddied for you!
“Rules are dead, but people are alive.” This is our greatest cultural confidence!
In a place with no awareness of rules, “speaking of rules” is a joke;
In a place with no procedural justice, “speaking of processes” is a joke;
In a place with no contract spirit, “speaking of contracts” is a joke!
In a “three no-gos” place that does not speak of rules, does not speak of processes, and does not speak of contracts, introducing a bidding mechanism is just a joke!
Editor: Li Jing
Proofreader: Wang Bin
Translator: Ge Bing
