陈西（1954年2月29日—），贵州贵阳人（祖籍广西玉林），原名陈友才。著名民运人士、《零八宪章》首批签署人，也是“贵州人权研讨会”联合创始人。三次入狱，累积服刑23年：1989年因组建“贵州爱国民主联合会”声援六四获刑3年；1995年因筹组“中国民主党贵州分部”并呼吁为六四平反，被判10年；2011年因发表36篇异议文章被控“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”，再次获刑10年，服刑至2021年11月28日获释 。2011年10月曾软禁并独立参选地方人大，引发关注 。狱中遭严格限制、酷刑折磨，且健康受损 。出狱后长期被当局严密监控，家庭生活受限 。2020年曾获“刘晓波写作勇气奖” 。陈西以笔为剑，不屈坚持，成为当代中国民主与人权运动中最坚韧的象征之一。

Chen Xi (born February 29, 1954), born in Guiyang, Guizhou (ancestral home in Yulin, Guangxi), originally named Chen Youcai, is a prominent Chinese pro-democracy activist and an early signatory of Charter 08. He is also co-founder of the Guizhou Human Rights Symposium.

Chen has been imprisoned three times, serving a total of 23 years. In 1989, he was sentenced to three years for founding the Guizhou Patriotic and Democratic Union in support of the Tiananmen protests. In 1995, he received a 10-year sentence for helping to organize the Guizhou branch of the China Democracy Party and calling for a reassessment of June 4th. In 2011, he was sentenced to another 10 years for publishing 36 dissenting essays.

In October 2011, while under house arrest, Chen attempted to run as an independent candidate for local People’s Congress, drawing attention. During his imprisonment, he was subjected to harsh restrictions, torture, and deteriorating health. He was released on November 28, 2021, but remains under close surveillance, with his family life heavily constrained.

A recipient of the 2020 Liu Xiaobo Courage in Writing Award, Chen Xi is widely regarded as one of the most resilient figures in China’s struggle for democracy and human rights—unyielding, principled, and fearless with his pen.

吕耿松（1956年1月7日—），浙江杭州人，原浙江高等公安专科学校教师，后成为维权撰稿人、中国民主党浙江筹委会发起人之一。2007年8月因参与民运活动被拘捕，2008年2月因“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”被判刑4年，2011年8月出狱，并获独立中文笔会“狱中作家奖” 2014年8月再度被捕，2016年6月17日被杭州中级法院判处11年有期徒刑，剥夺政治权利5年，浙江高院于同年11月维持原判。狱中健康状况堪忧，患多种疾病并曾遭虐待。吕耿松长期坚持国内抗争，在文运与民主运动领域内具有显著象征意义。

Lü Gengsong (born January 7, 1956, Hangzhou, Zhejiang) is a former police college instructor turned rights writer and a founding member of the China Democracy Party’s Zhejiang committee.

He was first arrested in August 2007 for pro-democracy activities and sentenced in 2008 to four years for “inciting subversion of state power.” After his release in 2011, he received the Independent Chinese PEN’s “Freedom to Write in Prison” Award. In 2014, he was arrested again and, in 2016, sentenced to 11 years with five years’ political rights deprivation—a sentence upheld on appeal.

Lü has endured harsh prison conditions and serious health issues, including reported abuse.

His long-standing commitment to domestic dissent has made him a prominent symbol in China’s literary and democratic resistance movements.

查建国（1951年8月18日—），江苏宜兴人，生于北京，曾任《中国电视戏曲》杂志社办公室主任，是中国民主党的缔造者之一，也是联合总部首任执行主席暨京津党部副主席。1998年7月，他因协助组建“中国民主党北京天津党部”被控颠覆国家政权，1999年被判刑九年并剥夺政治权利两年，至2008年6月28日刑满出狱出狱后，他依然留在国内，坚持推动政治体制改革，积极撰写时政评论，并对海外民主运动持“失望与希望并存”的立场。长期服刑使其健康受损，但他依然坚定不移，成为中国民主派的“硬汉”代表人物。

Zha Jianguo (born August 18, 1951, in Beijing, originally from Yixing, Jiangsu) is a veteran Chinese dissident and a founding member of the China Democracy Party. He formerly served as executive chairman of the party’s Joint Headquarters and vice-chair of its Beijing-Tianjin branch. He was also office director at China Television Opera magazine.

In July 1998, he was arrested for helping establish the CDP’s Beijing-Tianjin branch and, in 1999, sentenced to nine years in prison with two years’ deprivation of political rights for “subverting state power.” He was released on June 28, 2008.

Despite years of imprisonment and declining health, Zha chose to remain in China, continuing to advocate for political reform and publish political commentary. His stance toward the overseas democracy movement has been described as “a mix of disappointment and hope.” He is widely regarded as a symbol of steadfastness—a “tough man” of China’s democratic opposition.

陈树庆（1965年9月26日—），浙江富阳人，自由撰稿人、人权活动家，是中国民主党浙江筹委会成员及全国筹委会负责人之一。他1980年代曾参与“86浙江学运”和“89天安门民主运动”，1998年加入中国民主党浙江筹委会，1999年因组织活动被捕，2007年因发表异议文章获刑4年。2014年9月再度被以“颠覆国家政权罪”拘捕，2016年6月17日被杭州市中级法院重判10年6个月、剥夺政治权利4年，服刑至2025年3月10日刑满获释。在狱中坚持信念，不屈服，不悔改，成为中国民主与人权事业中一位坚毅的象征人物。

Chen Shuqing (born September 26, 1965) is a freelance writer, human rights activist, and a leading member of the China Democracy Party’s Zhejiang and national preparatory committees.

He participated in the 1986 Zhejiang student movement and the 1989 Tiananmen protests. In 1998, he joined the China Democracy Party; he was arrested in 1999 for organizing party activities and sentenced again in 2007 for publishing dissenting articles.

In 2014, Chen was detained on charges of “subverting state power” and, in 2016, sentenced to 10 years and 6 months in prison, with four years’ deprivation of political rights. He was released on March 10, 2025, after serving his full term.

Unyielding in prison and steadfast in his beliefs, Chen is recognized as a resolute figure in China’s pro-democracy and human rights movement.

许万平（1961年4月11日—），重庆人，是中国异议人士和民运活动家，自1980年代起投身推动中国民主运动，曾三度被判刑与劳教，累计服刑23年，在重庆监狱度过约20年 。1989年六四后，他筹建“中国行动党”，被判8年有期徒刑并剥夺政治权利5年 。1998年10月，他因被控“扰乱社会秩序罪”行政拘留15天，随后劳教3年 。2005年12月，他与多位异议人士联名致函联合国，随后被以“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”重判12年、剥夺政治权利4年。2014年4月29日，他刑满出狱并返回重庆 。出狱后，他健康状况堪忧，曾遭严密监控，仍坚持政治立场不改，强调“无悔无怨” 。作为中国民主运动中最坚定的象征之一，许万平以其长期抗争与执着信仰，激励着世代民运人士继续为民主而奋斗。

Xu Wanping (born April 11, 1961, Chongqing) is a veteran Chinese dissident and pro-democracy activist. He has been imprisoned or subjected to re-education through labor three times, serving a total of 23 years—nearly 20 of them in Chongqing prisons.

After the 1989 Tiananmen crackdown, Xu attempted to establish the China Action Party and was sentenced to eight years in prison with five years’ political rights deprivation. In 1998, he was detained for “disturbing public order” and subsequently sent to three years of re-education through labor. In 2005, after co-signing a letter to the United Nations with other dissidents, he was sentenced to 12 years for “inciting subversion of state power” and released in April 2014.

Despite deteriorating health and ongoing surveillance, Xu has remained firm in his political convictions, declaring he holds “no regret, no resentment.” He is widely seen as one of the most steadfast symbols of China’s pro-democracy movement—an inspiration to generations of activists.

刘贤斌（1968年10月2日—），别名刘陈、笔名万贤明，四川遂宁人，独立作家、人权活动家，零八宪章首批签署人，也是中国民主党西南筹委会主要组织者。1987年入读北京人大学后积极参与1989年学运，1991年4月被捕，1992年被判“反革命宣传煽动罪”2年6个月，1993年出狱。1998年他组织中国民主党西南筹委会，1999年被判“颠覆国家政权罪”13年，2008年11月出狱出狱后签署《零八宪章》，公开撰文揭露“豆腐渣工程”、声援谭作人、黄琦，并发起“黄丝带行动”营救陈云飞。2010年因发表言论再次被捕，2011年被四川遂宁中院判“煽动颠覆国家政权罪”10年，直至2020年6月27日刑满释放。三次入狱、累积服刑逾22年，他以笔为剑，执着抵抗暴政，是中国民主与人权运动的顽强象征。

Liu Xianbin (born October 2, 1968, Suining, Sichuan), also known by the aliases Liu Chen and Wan Xianming, is an independent writer, human rights activist, and a key organizer of the China Democracy Party’s Southwest Preparatory Committee. He was also among the first signatories of Charter 08.

Liu joined the 1989 student movement while studying at Renmin University. He was arrested in 1991 and sentenced to 2.5 years for “counterrevolutionary propaganda.” In 1998, he helped form the CDP Southwest Committee and was sentenced in 1999 to 13 years for “subversion.” Released in 2008, he continued to write on sensitive issues, support fellow activists like Tan Zuoren and Huang Qi, and launched the “Yellow Ribbon Campaign” to aid Chen Yunfei.

In 2010, Liu was arrested again for his writings and in 2011 sentenced to 10 years for “inciting subversion.” He was released on June 27, 2020.

Having served over 22 years in prison across three terms, Liu is regarded as a steadfast figure in China’s democracy and human rights movement—resisting authoritarianism with unwavering resolve and the power of the pen

胡明君（1963年6月28日—），四川乐山人，独立作家、人权活动家，中国民主党四川筹委会创始成员之一。他不仅设计制作了“中国民主党党旗”和“策略方针”手稿，还积极参与工运支持行动，2000年12月四川民主党公开支持达州钢铁工人示威，次年5月因涉嫌“颠覆国家政权罪”被刑拘、判刑 。2002年5月被判11年有期徒刑并剥夺政治权利4年，他拒绝认罪，狱中多次因高血压、心脏病及脑溢血住监狱医院治疗 。2012年5月出狱后，仍受严密监控与骚扰 。2019年被迫失踪半月，引发社会关注 。他以笔为剑，始终坚持“铲除政治独裁”，成为中国民主与人权运动中极具象征意义的顽强人物。

Hu Mingjun (born June 28, 1963), a native of Leshan, Sichuan, is an independent writer, human rights activist, and founding member of the China Democracy Party’s Sichuan Preparatory Committee.

He played a key role in designing the party’s flag and drafting its strategic platform, and actively supported labor rights. In December 2000, the Sichuan branch publicly backed protests by steelworkers in Dazhou. Hu was arrested in May 2001 on charges of “subverting state power” and sentenced in 2002 to 11 years in prison with four years’ deprivation of political rights.

Refusing to plead guilty, he endured repeated hospitalizations in prison due to hypertension, heart disease, and cerebral hemorrhage. After his release in May 2012, he remained under tight surveillance and constant harassment. In 2019, he was forcibly disappeared for two weeks, sparking public concern.

Hu has long declared his goal of “eliminating political dictatorship,” and remains a powerful symbol of resilience in China’s democracy and human rights movement.

黄燕明（1960年5月14日—），出生于贵州贵阳，是中国民运人士和贵州人权捍卫者。1986年起，他参与成立“贵阳沙龙联谊会”，并于1994年与陈西、廖双元等人组建了“中国民主党贵州分部”；1995年6月4日在天安门公开呼吁政治改革，随后因“反革命宣传煽动罪”等被判5年徒刑，实际服刑期间长期遭酷刑 。2000年出狱后，他主办贵州人权讲坛，并积极参与“贵州人权研讨会”。2017年世界人权日期间，他被贵阳警方“旅游式”软禁、失去人身自由超过10天 。2019年“五·一”前后，他再次被带离并遭长时间监控 。作为贵州地区人权与民主运动的核心人物，黄燕明以坚定的声音和信仰，持续为法律、自由与法治发声，是当代中国民运领域不可或缺的坚持者。

Huang Yanming (born May 14, 1960, in Guiyang, Guizhou) is a veteran Chinese democracy activist and a key human rights defender in Guizhou.

In 1986, he helped found the Guiyang Salon Association and later co-established the Guizhou branch of the China Democracy Party in 1994 with Chen Xi and Liao Shuangyuan. On June 4, 1995, he publicly called for political reform in Tiananmen Square and was sentenced to five years for “counterrevolutionary propaganda and incitement,” during which he suffered prolonged torture.

Following his release in 2000, he launched the Guizhou Human Rights Forum and actively participated in the Guizhou Human Rights Symposium. In 2017 and 2019, he was subjected to extralegal detentions and tight surveillance around politically sensitive dates.

As a central figure in Guizhou’s human rights movement, Huang is known for his unwavering voice and conviction in defending law, liberty, and constitutional governance.

编辑：胡丽莉  责任编辑：罗志飞

伊力哈木·土赫提（Ilham Tohti），1969年10月25日出生于新疆克州阿图什市，维吾尔族人。他本科毕业于东北师范大学，之后在中央民族大学攻读经济学研究生，并留校任副教授，研究方向主要关注新疆地区的民族收入差距与区域发展问题。

2006年，他创办中文网站“维吾尔在线”（Uyghur Online / Uyghurbiz），致力于促进维汉对话、报道新疆社会问题，为不同民族之间提供一个交流的平台。他是一位温和、坚持非暴力、主张跨民族和平改革的经济学者，多年来通过教学、写作和网络活动，批评新疆政策并揭示人权问题，逐渐成为当局重点打压的对象。

自1994年起，他长期受到官方监视，1999年至2003年间被禁止授课，发表学术文章也受到限制。2009年因在其网站发布乌鲁木齐冲突中被捕、失踪维吾尔人的信息而被短暂拘押，后多次遭软禁与骚扰。2013年，他获美国印第安纳大学访问学者邀请，却被禁止出境，其女儿珠儿独自前往美国，引发国际关注。

2014年1月15日，伊力哈木·土赫提在北京被捕，随后被押送至新疆乌鲁木齐。官方指控他利用网站和课堂“煽动民族仇恨”和“策划分裂国家”。9月17日至18日，仅用两天时间完成审判，9月23日法院判其无期徒刑，剥夺政治权利终身并没收全部个人财产。

他的案件被广泛认为象征着中国对维吾尔知识分子和平表达权利的系统性打压。包括人权观察、国际特赦组织、美国国会-行政当局中国委员会等多个国际组织持续呼吁释放他，认为这是一起明显的政治迫害案件。

伊力哈木·土赫提也因此获得多项国际荣誉，包括：

2014年：芭芭拉·戈德史密斯自由写作奖（PEN America）

2016年：马丁·恩纳尔斯人权捍卫者奖

2019年：欧洲议会萨哈罗夫思想自由奖

2019年：瓦茨拉夫·哈维尔人权奖

2024年是他被判刑十周年，维吾尔人权项目等组织再次呼吁立即释放他，强调其案件是中国压制和平维权声音的典型案例。

Persecution Record：Ilham Tohti

Editor: Lily Hu
Honorary Editor: Zhifei Luo

Translation: Lily Hu

Ilham Tohti (伊力哈木·土赫提) was born on October 25, 1969, in Atush, Kizilsu Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. He is an ethnic Uyghur and a prominent economist. He completed his undergraduate studies at Northeast Normal University and pursued graduate studies in economics at Minzu University of China, where he later served as an associate professor. His academic focus centered on regional development and income disparities among ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

In 2006, Ilham founded the Chinese-language website Uyghur Online (维吾尔在线 / Uyghurbiz), which aimed to promote dialogue between Uyghurs and Han Chinese, report on social issues in Xinjiang, and provide a platform for cross-ethnic exchange. Known as a moderate voice committed to nonviolence and peaceful reform, Ilham used his teaching, writing, and online presence to critique government policies in Xinjiang and to raise awareness of human rights issues. His advocacy made him a long-term target of government repression.

Since 1994, Ilham Tohti had been under constant surveillance. Between 1999 and 2003, he was banned from teaching and restricted from publishing academic work. In 2009, he was briefly detained after posting information on his website about Uyghurs who were arrested or went missing during the Urumqi unrest. He continued to face frequent harassment and house arrest in the following years.

In 2013, Ilham received an invitation to serve as a visiting scholar at Indiana University in the United States. However, he was prevented from leaving the country at the Beijing airport. His teenage daughter, Jewher Ilham, was forced to travel alone to the U.S., sparking international concern.

On January 15, 2014, Ilham Tohti was arrested in Beijing and transferred to Urumqi, Xinjiang. Authorities accused him of “inciting ethnic hatred” and “advocating separatism” through his website and university lectures. His trial lasted only two days, from September 17 to 18, and on September 23, he was sentenced to life imprisonment, with lifelong deprivation of political rights and confiscation of all personal property.

His case is widely viewed as a symbol of China’s systematic suppression of peaceful expression by Uyghur intellectuals. Numerous international organizations, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC), have repeatedly called for his release, labeling the prosecution as politically motivated.

In recognition of his courage and advocacy, Ilham Tohti has received multiple international awards:

2014: Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award (PEN America)

2016: Martin Ennals Award for Human Rights Defenders

2019: Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought (European Parliament)

2019: Václav Havel Human Rights Prize

The year 2024 marks the 10th anniversary of his sentencing. Human rights organizations such as the Uyghur Human Rights Project have renewed their calls for his immediate release, emphasizing that his case remains a defining example of the Chinese government’s repression of peaceful dissent among ethnic minorities.

编辑：胡丽莉  责任编辑：罗志飞

陈全国，男，汉族，1955年出生于陕西咸阳，曾任中共西藏自治区党委书记（2011–2016）及新疆维吾尔自治区党委书记（2016–2021）。其在新疆与西藏的治理，虽以“维稳”为名，实则对少数民族宗教信仰、语言文化与社会结构进行了深度干预与系统性压制，导致严重人权危机。他已成为中国少数民族政策国际批评焦点的代表人物。

他被广泛认为是中国在少数民族地区推行高压统治政策的关键人物，因其在西藏与新疆实施的大规模社会控制、宗教打压及文化同化政策，引发国内外强烈争议和谴责。

在西藏任职期间，陈全国提出“治藏必治心”口号，主张以思想控制手段维稳。他推行“去极端化”和“反分裂”运动，限制宗教活动、监控寺庙与僧侣、压制藏语教育，并大力推进“汉化”政策，强化普通话教学、限制藏语课程。2011至2016年间，藏区爆发多起藏人自焚抗议事件，反映出民众对其政策的强烈不满。知名僧人宗萨仁波切等人因“分裂主义”嫌疑遭逮捕或狱中身亡。

2016年，陈全国调任新疆，在中央“反恐”背景下推动更为严厉的“社会维稳”模式。他主导建立了大规模“再教育营”体系，数十万至上百万维吾尔族及其他穆斯林少数民族在未经司法程序的情况下被拘禁，接受“思想转化”、强制劳动与宗教去除训练。多份国际报告指出，这些营地普遍存在体罚、精神虐待、语言同化、文化洗脑等问题，外界称之为“集中营”。

同时，陈全国还推动新疆建设庞大的监控系统，包括人脸识别、大数据跟踪等技术手段，将维吾尔人日常生活置于全面监视之下。多起报道披露，维族女性在陈主政期间遭遇强制避孕、节育甚至绝育，维族儿童也被迫送入“寄宿制学校”，接受脱离家庭与文化的教育。

这些政策在国际上被视为对少数民族群体的系统性压迫，已构成“文化灭绝”甚至“种族灭绝”的特征。联合国人权事务高级专员曾公开表示，新疆政策可能构成“反人类罪”。人权观察、大赦国际等组织长期批评陈全国推行“文化清洗”式治理方式。

因其在新疆与西藏的角色，陈全国成为多个国家制裁对象。2020年起，美国对其实施签证禁令与资产冻结，指其应为新疆种族灭绝负责；欧盟、加拿大、英国等也相继加入制裁行列，使其国际活动空间大幅受限。尽管如此，他在中国国内仍保持一定政治地位，直至2022年底卸任中共中央政治局委员职务。

CCP Enforcer: Chen Quanguo

Editor: Lily Hu
Honorary Editor: Zhifei Luo

Translation: Lily Hu

Chen Quanguo, male, Han ethnicity, was born in 1955 in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province. He formerly served as the Communist Party Secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Region (2011–2016) and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (2016–2021). His governance in Xinjiang and Tibet, though officially aimed at maintaining “stability,” in practice involved deep interventions and systematic suppression of ethnic minorities’ religious beliefs, languages, cultures, and social structures, resulting in severe human rights concerns. He has become a prominent figure internationally criticized for China’s ethnic minority policies.

Chen is widely regarded as a key figure in implementing China’s high-pressure governance policies in ethnic minority regions. His large-scale social control, religious repression, and cultural assimilation policies in Tibet and Xinjiang have sparked strong domestic and international controversy and condemnation.

During his tenure in Tibet, Chen promoted the slogan “to govern Tibet, one must govern the mind,” emphasizing ideological control as a tool for stability. He pushed forward “de-extremization” and “anti-separatism” campaigns, restricted religious activities, monitored monasteries and monks, suppressed Tibetan language education, and vigorously advanced “Sinicization” policies by strengthening Mandarin education and limiting Tibetan language courses. Between 2011 and 2016, multiple self-immolation protests by Tibetans occurred, reflecting strong local dissatisfaction with these policies. Prominent monks such as Tenzin Delek Rinpoche were arrested on suspicion of separatism or died in custody.

In 2016, Chen was transferred to Xinjiang, where under the central government’s “anti-terrorism” framework he implemented a more stringent social stability model. He led the establishment of a vast “vocational skills education training center” system, where hundreds of thousands to over a million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities were detained without judicial process, undergoing “ideological transformation,” forced labor, and religious restriction training. Numerous international reports have documented issues such as physical punishment, psychological abuse, linguistic assimilation, and cultural indoctrination in these facilities, often referred to externally as “concentration camps.”

Simultaneously, Chen promoted the construction of an extensive surveillance network in Xinjiang, employing facial recognition and big data technologies to comprehensively monitor the daily lives of Uyghurs. Multiple reports revealed that during Chen’s leadership, Uyghur women faced forced contraception, sterilization, and birth control measures. Uyghur children were also reportedly sent to boarding schools, where they received education detached from their family and cultural backgrounds.

These policies have been widely regarded internationally as systematic oppression of ethnic minority groups, amounting to “cultural genocide” or even “genocide” in some assessments. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has publicly stated that Xinjiang policies may constitute “crimes against humanity.” Organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have long criticized Chen’s governance as a form of “cultural cleansing.”

Due to his roles in Xinjiang and Tibet, Chen Quanguo has become subject to sanctions by multiple countries. Since 2020, the United States has imposed visa bans and asset freezes on him, accusing him of responsibility for genocide in Xinjiang. The European Union, Canada, and the United Kingdom have also joined the sanction regimes, severely limiting his international activities. Nonetheless, Chen retained certain political influence within China until he stepped down as a member of the Politburo at the end of 2022.